Selasa, 26 Oktober 2010

Sidney Mashbir

Sidney Forrester Mashbir (12 September 1891 – 13 June 1973)[3] was a senior intelligence officer in the US Army primarily tasked in Military Intelligence. He served as the coordinator of the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section of Southwest Pacific Area during World War II. [4]
Sidney F. Mashbir, was born in Manhattan, New York City, New York on September 12, 1891, but later moved to Safford, Arizona in 1899.[5] Sidney's Father was Professor Eliazar S. Mashbir, a Russia immigrant who was well-educated and became the first Russian-speaking attorney to practice Law in New York City. Sidney's Mother, Frida Freudenthal was also well-educated[6], and in 1906 became the Postmistress of Safford, Arizona which included the area of Solomonville, Arizona.
Mashbir attended public schools in Safford, Arizona and later studied engineering at the University of Arizona for six months each year until 1911 whilst maintaining a career as a Engineering Draughtsman, primarily for the engineering department of Safford, and railroad companies.[5] Sidney Mashbir married his first wife Miss Blanche Beckwith on September 12, 1913, however the two separated during the 1920s.[5] [7]

Early service

Sidney F. Mashbir joined the Arizona National Guard at a young age, and served as a bugler of Company B in 1904.[4] He later became the First Lieutenant and Adjutant of the University Battalion whilst studying at the University of Arizona.[5]
In 1912, he served as a Lieutenant in Company K of the Arizona National Guard encampment, which based at Fort Huachuca. The senior instructor at the time was Captain Louis Joseph Van Schaick.[4] [5]
In early 1916, Mashbir received his first official intelligence assignment, when he was assigned as the Assistant Intelligence Officer of the Ajo-Yuma district of Arizona as apart of the first Arizona Infantry under General Frederick Funston. His duties included mapping roads, trails and waterholes in northern Sonora. Additionally he would scout Mexican towns with Papago Indian scouts, reporting on the strength and equipment of Mexican garrisons and installing primitive wiretaps on Mexican communication lines. Mashbir was also responsible for investigating Japan's physical presence in Mexico at the time.[4]
In late 1916, Mashbir applied for a commission in the Regular Army and was accepted with General Funston's support despite the Army’s policy that married men not be accepted. After attending the Army Service Schools at Fort Leavenworth, he joined the 22nd Infantry Regiment, which was stationed at Governors Island, New York, but was soon detailed for counter-espionage duty and was recommended to join a new Counter Intelligence service that was being formed.[4]
On 10 September 1917 he was detailed as assistant to the Department Intelligence Officer at Governors Island. He enrolled in the Military Intelligence Division G-2 Reserves and become a Lieutenant Colonel (temporary rank). During this time he wrote the Provisional Rules for Counter Espionage, Eastern Department, which would become a model for future counterintelligence manuals and survive until World War II[4] as well as a 52-page book titled Ten Lessons in Bayonet Fighting published by George Banta Publishing Company at the end of 1917.[8]
Mashbir's is also credited with the investigations as a Coast Defense Intelligence Officer at Fort Hamilton which uncovered the first German spy to be apprehended in the United States, Paul Otto Kuhn.[4]

John Alexander Simpson

John Alexander Simpson (November 3, 1916–August 31, 2000) worked as an experimental nuclear, and cosmic ray physicist who was deeply committed to educating the public and political leaders about science and its implications.[1] The year he died, his instruments in space had been sending data back for nearly 40 years.[2] Simpson spent his career as an instructor and researcher for the University of Chicago Physics department. His research continued up until a few weeks prior to his death on August 31 of 2000. [1][2][3]
He is known for inventions such as the gas flow a-particle proportional counter for measuring plutonium yields in the presence of high intensity fission products, and the neutron monitor.[1] And also for having several of the instruments he created lunched into space.[4]
John A. Simpson died at age 83. His death was caused from a case of Pneumonia in which he contracted in the hospital following a successful heart surgery, and he is survived by his wife Elizabeth, and by his two children Mary Ann and Simpson from his first marriage.[1][3]

Margaret Hamilton (scientist)

Margaret Hamilton (born 1938) is currently the founder and CEO of software development company Hamilton Technologies, Inc., however she is best recognized for her role as an Award-winning American NASA scientist and mathematician who as the Director of the Software Engineering Division at Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (CSDL), worked to develop the Apollo program.[1]. The Apollo program was a space flight program launched by NASA in America under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower which landed the first humans on the moon with the Apollo 11 mission on July 20, 1969. Margaret is responsible for pioneering the Apollo and Skylab on board flight software and its multiple versions for multiple missions.[1]. Before her developmental contributions, the on board flight software needed to land on the moon did not exist. Margaret was the individual to coin the term “software engineering”.[2]
Dr. Paul Curto, senior technologist for NASA's inventions and contributions board noted her as having developed pioneering concepts of asynchronous software, priority scheduling, end-to-end testing, and man-in-the-loop decision capability, such as priority displays which then became the foundation for ultra reliable software design.[3]. The surrounding contextual setting for her developments was one in which computer science and software engineering were not yet disciplines; instead learning was done on the job with hands on experience. Margaret rose through the ranks by gaining experience and contributing towards uncharted territory in space science.[1]
Her first award came in 1986 when she was awarded the Augusta Ada Lovelace Award by the Association of Women in Computing.[4]. In 2003, she was granted a NASA Exceptional Space Act Award for her scientific and technical contributions and included with the award, Hamilton received a check for $37,200, the largest award to an individual in NASA's history. NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe has commented saying “The concepts she and her team created became the building blocks for modern software engineering. It's an honor to recognize Ms. Hamilton for her extraordinary contributions to NASA.”[3][5].